The trauma from ethnic conflict in West Kalimantan haunted him. Four ethnic groups in West Kalimantan, Malay, Dayak, Chinese, and Madurese indeed hold a significant conflict record. In the article ‘Menelusuri Akar Konflik Antaretnik di Kalimantan Barat’ – searching for the root of ethnic conflicts in West Kalimantan – Arkanudin (2006) wrote the conflict mostly involved Dayak – Madurese. There were 12 incidents that involved violence between 1952 and 1999.